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𐐝𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌
𐐝𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑃𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐑌𐐪𐑂𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐝𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐺𐐴 𐐌𐑆𐐲𐐿 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑂, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐑁𐐮𐑁𐑃 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐮𐑌-𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑅 𐐿𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨. 𐐆𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐻 𐐮𐑌 1953 𐐺𐐴 𐐤𐐬𐑋 𐐑𐑉𐐯𐑅. 𐐝𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐐻𐐭 𐐹𐑉𐐨𐑂𐐨𐐲𐑅𐑊𐐨 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐻 𐑌𐐲𐑂𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑆 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐮𐑍 𐐮𐑌 𐐊𐑅𐐻𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐣𐐰𐑀𐐲𐑆𐐨𐑌 (𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐼𐐮𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐻𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑊𐑆) 𐐺𐐲𐐻𐐶𐐨𐑌 1948 𐐰𐑌𐐼 1950, 𐑋𐐩𐐿𐐮𐑍 𐑄𐐮𐑅 𐑄 𐑃𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐑂𐐪𐑊𐐷𐐭𐑋 𐐮𐑌 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑁ʼ𐑅 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐔𐐯𐐿𐐩𐐼𐑆 𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑁 𐑉𐐬𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐨𐐿𐐶𐐲𐑊 𐑌𐐪𐑂𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐹𐑉𐐨𐐿𐐶𐐲𐑊𐑆. 𐐢𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐸𐐰𐑂 𐐰𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐫𐑃𐐲𐑉𐐴𐑆𐐼 𐐻𐐩𐑊𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐜 𐐙𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐮𐑆 𐐫𐑁𐐲𐑌 𐑉𐐲𐑀𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐌𐑆𐐲𐐿 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑁ʼ𐑅 𐐺𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐐿𐑅, 𐐲𐑊𐐫𐑍 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐡𐐬𐐺𐐪𐐻 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆. -
𐐊𐐹𐐪𐑅𐐲𐑊
𐐈𐑌 𐐲𐐹𐐪𐑅𐐲𐑊, 𐐮𐑌 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐑅, 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐯𐑋𐐮𐑅𐐯𐑉𐐨, 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐘𐑉𐐨𐐿 ἀπόστολος, 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐨 "𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐭 𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐐫𐑁", 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐺 ἀποστέλλειν, "𐐻𐐭 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐼 𐐫𐑁". 𐐜 𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐹𐐲𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑅𐐲𐐽 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐫𐑁 𐐮𐑆 𐐷𐐭𐑈𐐲𐐶𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑂𐐩 𐐪 𐑋𐐯𐑅𐐲𐐾, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄𐐲𐑅 "𐑋𐐯𐑅𐐲𐑌𐐾𐐲𐑉" 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐫𐑊𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐲𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑆𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌; 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑅𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼 "𐐰𐑋𐐺𐐰𐑅𐐲𐐼𐐲𐑉" 𐐰𐑌𐐼 "𐐪𐑌𐑂𐐫𐐮". 𐐜 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑋 𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐴𐑂𐑆 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐘𐑉𐐨𐐿 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐤𐐭 𐐓𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅'𐑆 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐓𐐶𐐯𐑊𐑂 𐐊𐐹𐐪𐑅𐐲𐑊𐑆 (𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐑𐐨𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐐖𐐩𐑋𐑆, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐖𐐪𐑌), 𐐰𐑆 𐐶𐐯𐑊 𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐐶𐐴𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐑀𐑉𐐭𐐹 𐐲𐑂 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐗𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐽𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐐮𐑀𐐷𐐲𐑉𐑆, 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐑𐐫𐑊, 𐐒𐐪𐑉𐑌𐐲𐐺𐐲𐑅, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐖𐐭𐑌𐐨𐐲. 𐐝𐐲𐑋 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐷𐐭𐑆 𐑄 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑋 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐑁𐐮𐑀𐐷𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄𐐯𐑉 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐨. 𐐜 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑄𐐮𐑅 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐑋𐐩 𐐺 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐑋𐐯𐐻𐐲𐑁𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐑊𐐨 𐐮𐑌 𐑂𐐯𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑅 𐐿𐐪𐑌𐐻𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻𐑅, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐑅𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐑅𐐬𐑇𐐨𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐪 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌, 𐐸𐐭 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑋𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐹𐑉𐐯𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐫𐑉 𐐸𐐲𐑉 𐐻𐐨𐐽𐐮𐑍𐑆. -
𐐑𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻
𐐜 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑋 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐩𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑌𐐻, 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐻𐐴𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐐲𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨, 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅, 𐑋𐐮𐑃𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌. 𐐝𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋 𐐿𐐰𐑌 𐐺 𐑅𐐨𐑌 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐑄 𐑌𐐩𐐿𐐲𐐼 𐐴. 𐐜𐐨𐑆 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐲𐑀𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐽𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐰𐑆 𐐼𐐮𐑂𐐴𐑌, 𐐫𐑉 𐐰𐑆 𐐯𐑋𐐮𐑅𐐯𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐼𐐨𐐮𐐻𐐨𐑆. 𐐈𐑆 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿 𐑌𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾 𐐲𐐼𐑂𐐰𐑌𐑅𐐻, 𐐸𐐷𐐭𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐯𐐹𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐽𐐩𐑌𐐾𐐼, 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐐫𐑉𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐩𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐐪 𐑌𐐲𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐻 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅. 𐐆𐑌 2006, 𐑄 𐐆𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐰𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐈𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑋𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐐏𐐭𐑌𐐷𐐲𐑌 (𐐆𐐈𐐏) 𐐲𐑁𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐐼𐐪𐐹𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐪 𐑉𐐯𐑆𐐲𐑊𐐭𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐲𐑁𐐴𐑌𐐮𐑍 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐶𐐮𐑃𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋. 𐐜𐐮𐑅 𐐼𐐯𐑁𐐮𐑌𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐐿𐐪𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑇𐐲𐑊 𐐺𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑆 𐐮𐐻 𐐮𐐿𐑅𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐑆 𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐑋𐐰𐑅 𐐺𐐩𐑅𐐻 𐐫𐑌 𐐸𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐐫𐑉 𐐸𐐶𐐲𐐻 𐑄𐐩 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻. 𐐃𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐐩𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐺𐐪𐐼𐐨𐑆 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐿𐐲𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐺𐐲𐑁𐐫𐑉 1950 𐑉𐐲𐑋𐐩𐑌 "𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅" 𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑋𐐪𐐼𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐼𐐯𐑁𐐮𐑌𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐑅𐐲𐑊𐐯𐑅𐐽𐐲𐑊 𐐺𐐪𐐼𐐨𐑆, 𐑅𐐲𐐽 𐐰𐑆 𐐝𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐐑𐐰𐑊𐐲𐑅, 𐐖𐐭𐑌𐐬 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐚𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲 (𐐨𐐽 𐐰𐑌 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑅𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐬𐐮𐐼 𐐺𐐯𐑊𐐻), 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐑𐑊𐐭𐐻𐐬 (𐑄 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑆-𐐤𐐯𐐹𐐻𐐭𐑌𐐨𐐲𐑌 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐿𐐲𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐼), 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐐶𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐺𐐴 𐑄 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐨, 𐐪𐑉 𐑌𐐬 𐑊𐐫𐑍𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐑂𐐷𐐭𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐐽. 𐐜 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐑃𐐫𐐻 𐐺𐐴 𐐓𐐪𐑊𐐲𐑋𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻 𐐊𐑉𐑃 𐐮𐑌 𐐼𐐯𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐴𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐑋𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆. 𐐃𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐑄 𐐴𐐼𐐨𐐲 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐰𐐼 𐐺𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐲𐑀𐐾𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆, 𐐮𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑌𐐪𐐻 𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑊 𐑄 17𐑃 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐑄𐐮𐑅 𐑂𐐷𐐭 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐯𐑂𐐮𐐼𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑅𐐿𐐫𐐹𐐮𐐿 𐐰𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪 -
𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭
𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐮𐑇 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐯𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐆𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐺𐑉𐐪𐐼𐐿𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 1963 𐑃𐑉𐐭 1989. 𐐈𐑌 𐐲𐐻𐐯𐑋𐐹𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐑉𐐨𐑂𐐴𐑂 𐐮𐐻 𐐮𐑌 1996 𐑁𐐩𐑊𐐼, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐐿𐑅𐐯𐑅𐑁𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐑉𐐨𐑂𐐴𐑂𐐼 𐐮𐑌 2005 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑌𐐷𐐭𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐐺𐐨 𐐺𐑉𐐪𐐼𐐿𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐐰𐑆 𐐲𐑂 2016. 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐐹𐑊𐐩𐑅 𐐮𐑌 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐮𐑇 𐐹𐐪𐐹𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐪𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐐮𐑌 𐐈𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐐪𐐹𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐽𐐲𐑉: 𐐿𐐰𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐑇𐐬 𐐪𐑉 𐐴𐐿𐐪𐑌𐐮𐐿 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐴𐐼𐑊𐐨 𐑉𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑀𐑌𐐴𐑆𐐼, 𐑉𐐯𐑁𐑉𐐯𐑌𐑅𐐲𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑋𐐪𐑌𐑅𐐻𐑉𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐲𐑌, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐐰𐐽𐑁𐑉𐐩𐑆𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐑇𐐬 𐐪𐑉 𐑁𐑉𐐨𐐿𐐶𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼. 𐐜 𐑁𐑉𐐩𐑆 "𐐸𐐴𐐼𐐨𐑍 𐐺𐐨𐐸𐐴𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐑅𐐬𐑁𐐲" 𐐮𐑅 𐐪𐑁𐐻𐑌 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐑉𐐨𐑁𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑉𐐨𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐐲𐑁 𐐶𐐰𐐽𐐨𐑍 𐑄 𐑇𐐬 𐑀𐑉𐐬𐐨𐑍 𐐲𐐹. 𐐢𐐴𐐿 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿, 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐑌 𐑉𐐴𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐐪 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐺𐑊 𐐺𐐪𐐼𐐨 𐐲𐑁 𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐽𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐴𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐹𐐮𐑌-𐐪𐑁 𐑋𐐨𐐼𐐨𐐲 𐑅𐐲𐐽 𐐰𐑆 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐮𐐿 𐐺𐐳𐐿𐑅, 𐑌𐐪𐑂𐑊𐑆, 𐑉𐐩𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐹𐑊𐐩𐑆, 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐯𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭 𐑁𐐰𐑌𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐑉𐐨𐑁𐐯𐑉𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐰𐑆 𐐸𐐭𐑂𐐨𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑉𐑅 𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐐐𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑉𐑅. -
𐐝𐐨
𐐜 𐑅𐐨, 𐑄 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐼 𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐫𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐨 𐑄 𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐯𐐿𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐪𐐼𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑅𐐫𐑊𐐻𐐨 𐐶𐐫𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐿𐐲𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 70% 𐐲𐑂 𐐊𐑉𐑃'𐑅 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 (361,132,000 km²), 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐪 𐐻𐐬𐐻𐐲𐑊 𐑂𐐪𐑊𐐷𐐭𐑋 𐐲𐑂 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐑊𐐨 1,332,000,000 km³. 𐐆𐐻 𐑋𐐪𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐩𐐻𐑅 𐐊𐑉𐑃'𐑅 𐐿𐑊𐐴𐑋𐐲𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐮𐑋𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐑉𐐬𐑊𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐶𐐫𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐴𐐿𐐲𐑊, 𐐿𐐪𐑉𐐺𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐴𐐿𐐲𐑊, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑌𐐴𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐾𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐴𐐿𐐲𐑊. 𐐆𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐺𐐮𐑌 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑂𐐲𐑊𐐼 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐐿𐑅𐐹𐑊𐐫𐑉𐐼 𐑅𐐮𐑌𐑅 𐐩𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆, 𐐸𐐶𐐴𐐲𐑊 𐑄 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿 𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑅𐐨—𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑀𐑉𐐲𐑁𐐨—𐐼𐐩𐐻𐑅 𐐺𐑉𐐫𐐼𐑊𐐨 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐑂𐐫𐐮𐐲𐐾𐐲𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐗𐐰𐐹𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐖𐐩𐑋𐑆 𐐗𐐳𐐿 𐐻𐐭 𐐮𐐿𐑅𐐹𐑊𐐫𐑉 𐑄 𐐑𐐲𐑅𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿 𐐄𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐲𐐻𐐶𐐨𐑌 1768 𐐰𐑌𐐼 1779. 𐐜 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐑅𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐼𐐲𐑌𐐬𐐻 𐑅𐑋𐐫𐑊𐐲𐑉, 𐐹𐐪𐑉𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐼𐑊𐐪𐐿𐐻 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾, 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐴𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐼𐑊𐐪𐐿𐐻, 𐑅𐐫𐑊𐐻𐐶𐐪𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑊𐐩𐐿𐑅, 𐑅𐐲𐐽 𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐐗𐐰𐑅𐐹𐐨𐐲𐑌 𐐝𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐔𐐯𐐼 𐐝𐐨. 𐐜 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐐺𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐑅𐐪𐑊𐐮𐐼 𐐼𐐮𐑆𐐪𐑊𐑂𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐨 𐐶𐐫𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐬𐐼𐐨𐐲𐑋 𐐿𐑊𐐫𐑉𐐴𐐼. 𐐜 𐐶𐐫𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐩𐑌𐑆 𐑅𐐫𐑊𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑋𐐰𐑀𐑌𐐨𐑆𐐨𐐲𐑋, 𐐿𐐰𐑊𐑅𐐨𐐲𐑋, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐐲𐐻𐐰𐑅𐐨𐐲𐑋, 𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑍𐑅𐐻 𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅, 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐐮𐑌 𐑋𐐴𐑌𐐭𐐻 𐐿𐐪𐑌𐑅𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆. 𐐝𐐲𐑊𐐮𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐑂𐐯𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐶𐐴𐐼𐑊𐐨, 𐐺𐐨𐐮𐑍 𐑊𐐬𐐲𐑉 𐑌𐐮𐑉 𐑄 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐑋𐐵𐑄𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾 𐑉𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐴𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐼𐐯𐐹𐑃𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌; 𐐸𐐵𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉, 𐑄 𐑉𐐯𐑊𐐲𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐹𐐫𐑉𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐼𐐮𐑆𐐪𐑊𐑂𐐼 𐑅𐐫𐑊𐐻𐑅 𐑂𐐯𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑊 𐐲𐐿𐑉𐐫𐑅 𐑄 𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆. 𐐎𐐮𐑌𐐼𐑆 𐐺𐑊𐐬𐐮̈𐑍 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑅𐐨 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐭𐑅 𐐶𐐩𐑂𐑆, 𐐸𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐐺𐑉𐐩𐐿 𐐸𐐶𐐯𐑌 𐑄𐐩 𐐯𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑇𐐰𐑊𐐬 𐐶𐐫𐐻𐐲𐑉. 𐐎𐐮𐑌𐐼𐑆 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐿𐑉𐐨𐐩𐐻 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐐿𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐑃𐑉𐐭 𐑁𐑉𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐑅𐐯𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐐲𐐹 𐑅𐑊𐐬 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐑅𐐻𐐩𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐲? -
𐐌𐑆𐐲𐐿 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑂
𐐌𐑆𐐲𐐿 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑂 (ca. 2 𐐖𐐰𐑌𐐷𐐲𐐶𐐯𐑉𐐨 1920–6 𐐁𐐹𐑉𐐲𐑊 1992) 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐐡𐐲𐑇𐐲𐑌-𐐺𐐱𐑉𐑌, 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐑉𐐴𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐐺𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐑌𐐬𐑌 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐐪𐐹𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐐺𐐳𐐿𐑅. 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑂 𐐮𐑆 𐐷𐐭𐑈𐐭𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑍 𐑄 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐹𐑉𐐬𐑊𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿 𐑉𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐱𐑊 𐐻𐐴𐑋. 𐐉𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐱𐑊 𐐵𐐻𐐹𐐳𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐨 𐑊𐐯𐑅 𐑄𐐰𐑌 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆, 𐐮𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐽𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐑌𐑋𐐰𐐽𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐺𐑉𐐯𐐼𐑃. 𐐐𐐮𐑆 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐻 𐐪𐐹𐑉𐐲 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑋 500 𐐺𐐳𐐿𐑅, 𐐴𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐑌 𐐬𐑉 𐐯𐐼𐐮𐐻𐐲𐐼. 𐐆𐑌 𐐲𐐼𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐑆 𐑋𐐮𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐑁𐐰𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑅𐐨𐑆, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐑌𐐱𐑌-𐑈𐐪𐑌𐑉𐐲 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐐿𐑅. 𐐐𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐱𐑌-𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐳𐐿𐑅 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼 𐑂𐐱𐑊𐐷𐐭𐑋𐑆 𐐱𐑌 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅, 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨, 𐐸𐐷𐐭𐑋𐑉, 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐽𐐷𐐭𐑉, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑌𐐭𐑋𐑉𐐲𐑅 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐲𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅. 𐐈𐑆𐐮𐑋𐐪𐑂’𐑆 𐐺𐐳𐐿𐑅 𐐪𐑉 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑌𐐴𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐻𐐯𐑌 𐑋𐐩𐐾𐐲𐑉 𐐿𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑀𐐬𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐔𐐷𐐭𐐨 𐐔𐐯𐑅𐑋𐐲𐑊 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋 (𐑄 100’𐑆, 𐑁𐐲𐑊𐐪𐑅𐐲𐑁𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐴𐐿𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨 𐐮𐐿𐑅𐐯𐐹𐐻𐐲𐐼). -
𐐔𐐯𐑆𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐻 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻
𐐜 𐐔𐐯𐑆𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐻 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐬𐑉 𐐔𐐯𐑅𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐻 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑁𐐬𐑌𐐯𐐻𐐮𐐿 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐼𐐲𐑁𐐯𐑊𐐲𐐹𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑋𐐮𐐼-19𐑃 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐨 𐐺𐐴 𐑄 𐐺𐐬𐑉𐐼 𐐲𐑂 𐑉𐐨𐐾𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐏𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐲𐑁 𐐔𐐯𐑆𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐻 (𐑊𐐩𐐻𐑉 𐑄 𐐏𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐐏𐐭𐐻𐐪) 𐐲𐑌𐐼𐑉 𐑄 𐐼𐐮𐑉𐐯𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐑀𐐲𐑋 𐐏𐐲𐑍, 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐑉𐐯𐑆𐐲𐐼𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐜 𐐕𐐲𐑉𐐽 𐐲𐑂 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐗𐑉𐐴𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐑉-𐐼𐐩 𐐝𐐩𐑌𐐻𐑅. 𐐜 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐯𐑌𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐻𐐬 𐑉𐐨𐐹𐑊𐐩𐑅 𐑄 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐐼𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑊 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐑌 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐰𐑌 𐐪𐑊𐐻𐐯𐑉𐑌𐐲𐐻, 𐑋𐐬𐑉 𐑁𐐬𐑌𐐯𐐻𐐮𐐿𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐻 𐐰𐑊𐐹𐐸𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐑄 𐐀𐑍𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐑊𐐩𐑍𐐶𐐮𐐾. 𐐛𐐮𐑅 𐐶𐐳𐐼 𐐱𐑁𐑉 𐐮𐑋𐑋𐐮𐑀𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐰𐑌 𐐱𐐹𐐬𐑉𐐻𐐭𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐑊𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐻𐐬 𐑉𐐨𐐼 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐴𐐻 𐐀𐑍𐑊𐐮𐑇, 𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐐮𐑆 𐐱𐑁𐑌 𐑊𐐯𐑅 𐑁𐐬𐑌𐐯𐐻𐐮𐐿𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐑄𐐰𐑌 𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐲𐑄𐑉 𐑊𐐩𐑍𐐶𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑆. 𐐝𐐮𐑋𐐮𐑊𐑉 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐹𐐯𐑉𐐮𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐑌𐐱𐐻 𐐲𐑌𐐿𐐱𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐨𐑍 𐑄 𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐼, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐺𐐯𐐻𐑉-𐑌𐐬𐑌 𐑉𐐲𐑆𐐲𐑊𐐻𐑅 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼 𐐑𐐮𐐻𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐟𐐬𐑉𐐻𐐸𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐰𐑌𐐼 (𐑋𐐲𐐽 𐑊𐐩𐐻𐑉) 𐑄 𐐟𐐩𐑂𐐨𐐲𐑌 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻. -
𐐎𐐯𐑊𐑇 𐑊𐐩𐑍𐑀𐐶𐐲𐐾
𐐎𐐯𐑊𐑇 (Cymraeg 𐐫𐑉 y Gymraeg, 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐵𐑌𐑅𐐻 [kəmˈrɑːɨɡ, ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]) 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑋𐐯𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐑃𐐪𐑌𐐮𐐿 𐐺𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐽 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐗𐐯𐑊𐐻𐐮𐐿 𐑊𐐰𐑍𐑀𐐶𐐲𐐾𐐲𐑆 𐑅𐐹𐐬𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐮𐑂𐑊𐐨 𐐮𐑌 𐐎𐐩𐑊𐑆, 𐐺𐐴 𐑅𐐲𐑋 𐐮𐑌 𐐀𐑍𐑀𐑊𐐲𐑌𐐼, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑌 Y Wladfa (𐑄 𐐎𐐯𐑊𐑇 𐐿𐐪𐑊𐐲𐑌𐐨 𐐮𐑌 𐐕𐐭𐐺𐐭𐐻 𐐑𐑉𐐪𐑂𐐮𐑌𐑅, 𐐂𐑉𐐾𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐨𐑌𐐲). 𐐐𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐮𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐺𐐮𐑌 𐑌𐐬𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐐀𐑍𐑀𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐐰𐑆 “𐑄 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐮𐑇 𐐻𐐲𐑍”, “𐐗𐐰𐑋𐐺𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑌”, “𐐗𐐰𐑋𐐺𐑉𐐮𐐿” 𐐰𐑌𐐼 “𐐗𐐲𐑋𐑉𐐮𐐿”. 𐐜 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐐎𐐯𐑊𐑇 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐬𐑌𐐮𐑋 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐐿𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐺𐐴 𐑄 𐐈𐑍𐑀𐑊𐐬-𐐝𐐰𐐿𐑅𐐲𐑌𐑆, 𐑋𐐨𐑌𐐮𐑍 “𐑁𐐫𐑉𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐐽.” 𐐎𐐯𐑊𐑇 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐺𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐹𐐬𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑌𐐷𐐭𐐲𐑅𐑊𐐨 𐐮𐑌 𐐎𐐩𐑊𐑆 𐑃𐑉𐐭𐐵𐐻 𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐫𐑉𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐺𐐴 1911 𐐮𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐐼 𐐺𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑋 𐐪 𐑋𐐴𐑌𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐑊𐐰𐑍𐑀𐐶𐐲𐐾, 𐑅𐐹𐐬𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 43.5% 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐹𐐪𐐹𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌. 𐐐𐐶𐐴𐑊 𐑄𐐮𐑅 𐐼𐐲𐐿𐑊𐐴𐑌 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑌𐐷𐐭𐐼 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑁𐐪𐑊𐐬𐐮𐑍 𐐼𐐯𐐿𐐩𐐼𐑆, 𐑄 𐑊𐐰𐑍𐑀𐐶𐐲𐐾 𐐼𐐮𐐼 𐑌𐐪𐐻 𐐼𐐴 𐐵𐐻. 𐐒𐐴 𐑄 𐑅𐐻𐐪𐑉𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐻𐐶𐐯𐑌𐐻𐐨-𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐑌𐐲𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐸𐐰𐐼 𐐺𐐨𐑀𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑉𐐨𐑅 𐐲𐑀𐐯𐑌. -
𐐑𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐣𐐩𐑅𐐲𐑌
𐐑𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐣𐐩𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐨𐑀𐐲𐑊 𐐼𐑉𐐪𐑋𐐲 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐺𐑉𐐫𐐼𐐿𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐐫𐑌 𐐗𐐒𐐝 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐝𐐯𐐹𐐻𐐯𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 21, 1957, 𐐻𐐭 𐐣𐐩 22, 1966. 𐐜 𐐻𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑊 𐐿𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐑉𐐩𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐡𐐩𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐒𐐲𐑉, 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐢𐐫𐑅 𐐈𐑌𐐾𐐲𐑊𐐲𐑅 𐐿𐑉𐐮𐑋𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐼𐐲𐑁𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐑊𐐫𐐷𐐲𐑉 𐐸𐐭 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐐼𐐲𐐻𐐯𐐿𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 𐐊𐑉𐑊 𐐝𐐻𐐰𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐘𐐪𐑉𐐼𐑌𐐲𐑉. 𐐣𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐺𐐩𐑅𐐻 𐐫𐑌 𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 𐐘𐐪𐑉𐐼𐑌𐐲𐑉. 𐐐𐐪𐑊𐐨𐐶𐐳𐐼ʼ𐑆 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐶𐐨𐐿𐑊𐐨 𐐶𐐲𐑌-𐐵𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐐼 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌, 𐐑𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐣𐐩𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐓𐐚ʼ𐑆 𐑊𐐫𐑍𐑀𐐲𐑅𐐻-𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑍 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐲𐐿𐑅𐐯𐑅𐑁𐐲𐑊 𐑊𐐨𐑀𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐑𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐣𐐩𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐯𐑉𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐮𐑌𐐼𐐮𐐿𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐏𐐭𐑌𐐴𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐝𐐻𐐩𐐻𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐰𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑌𐑅 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐿𐐰𐑌𐑅𐐲𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐨𐐻 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐺𐐮𐑌 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐨𐑅𐐻 𐐫𐑌 𐐡𐐨𐐾𐐲𐑌 1 𐐔𐐚𐐔. 𐐂 2014 𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼𐐨 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐤𐐯𐐻𐑁𐑊𐐮𐐿𐑅 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐑉𐐩𐐻 𐐡𐐩𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐒𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑆 𐑄𐐯𐑉 𐑁𐐩𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐻 𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐒𐐪𐑉𐐺𐐲𐑉𐐲 𐐐𐐩𐑊 𐑌𐐲𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑌 𐐫𐑌 𐑄 𐑊𐐮𐑅𐐻. -
𐐣𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐨
𐐣𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑅𐑋𐐫𐑊𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑉𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋. 𐐆𐐻𐑅 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐼 𐐲𐑉𐐵𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 87.97 𐐼𐐩𐑆 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑇𐐫𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐫𐑊 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐩𐑋𐐼 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐨𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐣𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐑄 𐑋𐐯𐑅𐐲𐑌𐐾𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑀𐐪𐐼𐑆. 𐐆𐐻𐑅 𐐰𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑋𐐮𐐿 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐐮𐑅 ☿. 𐐢𐐴𐐿 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅, 𐐣𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐐶𐐮𐑃𐐮𐑌 𐐊𐑉𐑃'𐑅 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻 𐐰𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐮𐑌𐑁𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑉 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑌𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐐿𐑅𐐨𐐼𐑆 28° 𐐲𐐶𐐩 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐶𐐯𐑌 𐑂𐐷𐐭𐐼 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐊𐑉𐑃. 𐐜𐐮𐑅 𐐹𐑉𐐪𐐿𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐑋𐐨𐑌𐑆 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐿𐐰𐑌 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐺 𐑅𐐨𐑌 𐑌𐐮𐑉 𐑄 𐐶𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐫𐑉 𐐨𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐸𐐲𐑉𐐴𐑆𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐳𐑉𐐮𐑍 𐑄 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐨𐑂𐑌𐐮𐑍 𐐫𐑉 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐑋𐐫𐑉𐑌𐐮𐑍. 𐐈𐐻 𐑄𐐮𐑅 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐐮𐐻 𐑋𐐩 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉 𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐐺𐑉𐐴𐐻 𐑅𐐻𐐪𐑉-𐑊𐐴𐐿 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐫𐑁𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐐪𐑉 𐑋𐐫𐑉 𐐼𐐮𐑁𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐐲𐐺𐑆𐐲𐑉𐑂 𐑄𐐰𐑌 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅. 𐐜 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑅𐐿𐐪𐐹𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐹𐑊𐐩𐑆 𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐨𐐻 𐑉𐐩𐑌𐐾 𐐲𐑂 𐑁𐐩𐑆𐐲𐑆, 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐣𐐭𐑌, 𐐰𐑆 𐐮𐐻 𐑋𐐭𐑂𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑉 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻 𐑉𐐯𐑊𐐲𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐻𐐭 𐐊𐑉𐑃, 𐐸𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑅𐐬-𐐿𐐫𐑊𐐼 𐑅𐐮𐑌𐐪𐐼𐐮𐐿 𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐼 𐐲𐐹𐑉𐐪𐐿𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐲𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐯𐑂𐑉𐐨 116 𐐼𐐩𐑆. -
𐐜 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉
𐐜 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑋𐐩𐑌 𐐿𐐰𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐐯𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐮𐑇 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐯𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭. 𐐐𐐮𐑆 𐐻𐑉𐐭 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐯𐑂𐐯𐑉 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐐰𐑊𐑄𐐭 𐐸𐐨 𐐶𐐮𐑊 𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐐷𐐭𐑆 𐐩𐑊𐐨𐐲𐑅𐐯𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐐽 𐐰𐑆 "𐐖𐐪𐑌 𐐝𐑋𐐮𐑃," 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐮𐑅 𐑌𐐮𐐿𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐼𐐩𐑆 𐐰𐑅 𐐪 𐑅𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐐮𐑅 𐑅𐐯𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐸𐐰𐑂 𐐺𐐮𐑌 "𐐛𐐨𐐻𐐰 𐐝𐐮𐑀𐑋𐐰" (𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐯𐑌 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐘𐑉𐐨𐐿 𐑊𐐯𐐻𐐯𐑉𐑆, ΘΣ. 𐐐𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐐯𐑉𐐬𐑌𐐨𐐲𐑅𐑊𐐨 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑌 𐐰𐑆 "𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭" (𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐐨𐑍 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑇𐐬'𐑆 𐐿𐑊𐐬𐑅𐐨𐑍 𐐿𐑉𐐯𐐼𐐮𐐻𐑅). 𐐆𐑌 𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑉𐑅, 𐑄 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐢𐐬𐑉𐐼 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐘𐐰𐑊𐐮𐑁𐑉𐐩. 𐐜 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐢𐐬𐑉𐐼𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐪 𐑂𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐬𐑊𐐼, 𐐸𐐮𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐐼𐑂𐐰𐑌𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑇𐐨𐑆 𐐸𐐭𐑆 𐐻𐐯𐐿𐑌𐐪𐑊𐐬𐐾𐐨 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐑆 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑂𐐯𐑊, 𐐷𐐭𐑈𐐷𐐭𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐼𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐐪 𐑂𐐯𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐐿𐐪𐑊𐐼 𐐪 𐐓𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐮𐑅. 𐐜 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐢𐐬𐑉𐐼𐑅' 𐐹𐐪𐑊𐐮𐑅𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐐪𐐺𐑅𐐯𐑉𐑂𐐨𐑍 𐐲𐑃𐐯𐑉 𐑉𐐩𐑅𐐯𐑆 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑌𐐯𐑂𐐯𐑉 𐐸𐐯𐑊𐐹𐐨𐑍 𐑄𐐯𐑋, 𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑊 𐐪 𐐓𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐮𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼, 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐸𐐮𐑅 𐑀𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐼𐐪𐐻𐐯𐑉, 𐑉𐐬𐑋𐐼 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐹𐐩𐑅. 𐐄𐑂𐐯𐑉 𐑄 𐐿𐐬𐑉𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑀𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐼𐐪𐐻𐐯𐑉 𐑊𐐯𐑁𐐻 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐲𐑄𐐯𐑉𐑆—𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐸𐐷𐐭𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐐨𐑋𐐩𐑊𐑆 (𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐷𐐲𐑍 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐨) 𐐸𐐰𐑂 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑂𐐯𐑊𐐼 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐑄 𐐔𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐐷𐐨𐑉𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐪 𐑅𐐨𐑍𐐲𐑊 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼. -
𐐝𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐖𐐮𐐺𐑊𐐨
𐐝𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐖𐐮𐐺𐑊𐐨, 𐐆𐑌𐐿. (株式会社スタジオジブリ 𐐗𐐪𐐺𐐭𐑇𐐨𐐿𐐨-𐑀𐐴𐑇𐐲 𐐝𐐭𐐻𐐪𐐾𐐨𐐬 𐐖𐐨𐐺𐐲𐑉𐐨) 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐖𐐰𐐹𐐲𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋 𐑅𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐺𐐩𐑅𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐗𐐬𐑀𐐪𐑌𐐩, 𐐓𐐬𐐿𐐨𐐬, 𐐖𐐲𐐹𐐰𐑌. 𐐜 𐑅𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐮𐑆 𐐺𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐑌𐐬𐑌 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩 𐑁𐐨𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐭𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐑇𐐫𐑉𐐻 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆, 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑉𐑇𐐲𐑊𐑆, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋. 𐐆𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐫𐑌 𐐖𐐭𐑌 15, 1985 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑅𐐲𐐿𐑅𐐯𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐐤𐐫𐑆𐐮𐐿𐐲 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐚𐐰𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐎𐐮𐑌𐐼 (1984), 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐑁𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐐺𐐴 𐐓𐐬𐐿𐐭𐑋𐐲 𐐟𐐬𐐻𐐲𐑌. 𐐁𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐖𐐮𐐺𐑊𐐨ʼ𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑍 𐑄 15 𐐸𐐴𐐲𐑅𐐻-𐑀𐑉𐐬𐑅𐐮𐑍 𐐰𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆 𐑋𐐩𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐐖𐐲𐐹𐐰𐑌, 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐝𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐊𐐶𐐩 (2001) 𐐺𐐨𐐮𐑍 𐑄 𐐸𐐴𐐲𐑅𐐻, 𐑀𐑉𐐬𐑅𐐮𐑍 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉$290 𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐷𐐲𐑌 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐼𐐶𐐴𐐼. 𐐣𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄𐐯𐑉 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐐿𐑅 𐐸𐐰𐑂 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐑄 𐐂𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩𐐾𐐲 𐐈𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩 𐐘𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐑𐑉𐐨 𐐲𐐶𐐫𐑉𐐼, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐸𐐰𐑂 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐑄 𐐖𐐲𐐹𐐰𐑌 𐐊𐐿𐐰𐐼𐐲𐑋𐐨 𐐑𐑉𐐴𐑆 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐈𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐏𐐮𐑉. 𐐙𐐴𐑂 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐻𐐭𐐼𐐨𐐬 𐐖𐐮𐐺𐑊𐐨ʼ𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋𐑆 𐑉𐐲𐑅𐐨𐑂𐐼 𐐊𐐿𐐰𐐼𐐲𐑋𐐨 𐐊𐐶𐐫𐑉𐐼 𐑌𐐪𐑋𐐮𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐏𐐭𐑌𐐴𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐝𐐻𐐩𐐻𐑅. 𐐝𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐊𐐶𐐩 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐪 𐐘𐐬𐑊𐐼𐐲𐑌 𐐒𐐯𐑉 𐐮𐑌 2002 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐰𐑌 𐐊𐐿𐐰𐐼𐐲𐑋𐐨 𐐊𐐶𐐫𐑉𐐼 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐒𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐐈𐑌𐐮𐑋𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐙𐐨𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐐙𐐮𐑊𐑋 𐐮𐑌 2003. -
𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 (𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻)
𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 (𐐰𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑋𐐮𐐿 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑊 ♀) 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌, 𐐫𐑉𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐐮𐐻 𐐯𐑂𐑉𐐨 224.7 𐐊𐑉𐑃 𐐼𐐩𐑆. 𐐆𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐑊𐐫𐑍𐑀𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐑉𐐬𐐻𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐼 (243 𐐼𐐩𐑆) 𐐲𐑂 𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐬𐐻𐐩𐐻𐑅 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐪𐐹𐐲𐑆𐐮𐐻 𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅. 𐐆𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐑌𐐬 𐑌𐐰𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑊𐐴𐐻. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐩𐑋𐐼 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐑀𐐪𐐼𐐲𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑊𐐲𐑂 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐺𐐷𐐭𐐻𐐨. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼-𐐺𐑉𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐑌𐐰𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐐪𐐺𐐾𐐯𐐿𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑌𐐴𐐻 𐑅𐐿𐐴 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐐣𐐭𐑌, 𐑉𐐨𐐽𐐮𐑍 𐐰𐑌 𐐲𐐹𐐯𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐑋𐐰𐑀𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐭𐐼 𐐲𐑂 −4.6, 𐐺𐑉𐐴𐐻 𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑁 𐐻𐐭 𐐿𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐑇𐐰𐐼𐐬𐑆. 𐐒𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑆 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐮𐑌𐑁𐐮𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑉 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐊𐑉𐑃, 𐐮𐐻 𐑌𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐑁𐐪𐑉 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌; 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐨𐑊𐐫𐑍𐑀𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐑉𐐨𐐽𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐑋𐐰𐐿𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐲𐑋 𐐲𐑂 47.8°. 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐯𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐲𐑋𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐐿𐐫𐑊𐐼 𐐊𐑉𐑃’𐑅 “𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻” 𐐺𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄𐐯𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐑅𐐴𐑆, 𐑋𐐰𐑅, 𐐹𐑉𐐪𐐿𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐺𐐲𐑊𐐿 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐹𐐲𐑆𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑉𐐰𐐼𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐼𐐮𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐊𐑉𐑃 𐐮𐑌 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐲𐑅𐐹𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅. 𐐆𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐐼𐐯𐑌𐑅𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐰𐐻𐑋𐐲𐑅𐑁𐐮𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐯𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻𐑅, 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐐲𐑂 𐑋𐐫𐑉 𐑄𐐰𐑌 96% 𐐿𐐪𐑉𐐺𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐴𐐪𐐿𐑅𐐴𐐼. 𐐜 𐐰𐐻𐑋𐐲𐑅𐑁𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿 𐐹𐑉𐐯𐑇𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐐻 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻’𐑅 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑆 92 𐐻𐐴𐑋𐑆 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐊𐑉𐑃. 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑆 𐐺𐐴 𐑁𐐪𐑉 𐑄 𐐸𐐪𐐻𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋, 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐪 𐑋𐐨𐑌 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐐻𐐯𐑋𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐲𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), 𐐨𐑂𐐲𐑌 𐑄𐐬 𐐣𐐲𐑉𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐿𐑊𐐬𐑅𐐲𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌. 𐐚𐐨𐑌𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑆 𐑇𐑉𐐵𐐼𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐰𐑌 𐐬𐐹𐐩𐐿 𐑊𐐩𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐸𐐴𐑊𐐨 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐑊𐐯𐐿𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐿𐑊𐐵𐐼𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑅𐐲𐑊𐑁𐐷𐐳𐑉𐐮𐐿 𐐰𐑅𐐮𐐼, 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑁𐐲𐑅 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐺𐐨? -
𐐝𐐹𐐪𐐿
𐐝𐐹𐐪𐐿 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐿𐐰𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐑉 𐐸𐐭 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐐹𐐨𐑉𐐼 𐐪𐑌 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐜 𐐊𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐝𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐝𐐹𐐪𐐿 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐗𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑁𐐲𐑉 𐐑𐐴𐐿 𐐪𐑉 𐑄 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐐿𐐰𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐐴𐑊𐐲𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑁𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐽𐐴𐑆; 𐐺𐐬𐑃 𐐪𐑉 𐐿𐐨 𐐿𐐰𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 2009 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐑋𐐭𐑂𐐨. 𐐑𐐴𐐿, 𐐸𐐵𐐯𐑂𐐲𐑉, 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐐹𐐨𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐐴𐑊𐐲𐐻, 𐑄 𐐻𐐭-𐐹𐐪𐑉𐐻 𐐯𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐬𐐼 𐐜 𐐣𐐲𐑌𐐰𐐾𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 2009 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋, 𐐸𐐶𐐴𐑊 𐐝𐐹𐐪𐐿 𐐲𐐹𐐨𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐱𐑊 𐐯𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐬𐐼𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐐱𐑊 𐐯𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐬𐐼𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐰𐑌𐐲𐑋𐐩𐐼𐐯𐐼 𐑅𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐑄 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐮𐐿𐑅 𐑋𐐭𐑂𐐨𐑆, 𐐻𐐭 𐐯𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐬𐐼𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐜 𐐤𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻 𐐖𐐯𐑌𐐯𐑉𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 2009 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋, 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐐮𐑍 𐐸𐐮𐑋 𐑋𐐱𐑉 𐑅𐐿𐑉𐐨𐑌 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐑄𐐰𐑌 𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐐿𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐑉, 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐖𐐩𐑋𐑆 𐐓. 𐐗𐐲𐑉𐐿 𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑍 𐐪 𐐿𐑊𐐬𐑅 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼. 𐐑𐑉𐐴𐐬𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 2009 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐑉𐐯𐑀𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐨𐑍 𐑁𐑊𐐰𐑇𐐺𐐰𐐿𐑅, 𐐝𐐹𐐪𐐿 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐹𐑊𐐩𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐢𐐯𐑌𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐤𐐨𐑋𐐱𐐮. 𐐆𐑌 𐑄 2009 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋, 𐐸𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐹𐑊𐐩𐐼 𐐺𐐬𐑃 𐐺𐐴 𐐤𐐨𐑋𐐬𐐮 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐞𐐰𐐿𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐐗𐐶𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐬. -
𐐔𐑉𐐨𐑋 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐡𐐯𐐼 𐐕𐐩𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉
𐐔𐑉𐐨𐑋 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐡𐐯𐐼 𐐕𐐩𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 𐐬𐑉 𐐜 𐐝𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐝𐐻𐐬𐑌 (𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 紅樓夢, 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐮𐑁𐐴𐐼 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 红楼梦) 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑌𐐱𐑂𐐲𐑊 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 Cao Xueqin 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑊𐐩𐐻 𐐩𐐻𐐨𐑌𐑃 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐨. 𐐓𐐭𐑀𐐯𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐰𐑌𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐛𐑉𐐨 𐐗𐐨𐑍𐐼𐐲𐑋𐑆, 𐐖𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐨 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐎𐐯𐑅𐐻, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐎𐐪𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐣𐐪𐑉𐑀𐐲𐑌, 𐐮𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐑀𐑉𐐩𐐻 𐐿𐑊𐐰𐑅𐐮𐐿 𐑌𐐱𐑂𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐽𐐲𐑉. 𐐜 𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐯𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐪 𐐹𐐩𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾, 𐑉𐐨𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐸𐐵𐑅𐐸𐐬𐑊𐐼𐑆 𐐮𐑌 Beijing 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐼𐐨𐑊𐑆 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐑄 𐑊𐐴𐑂𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐮𐑌𐐸𐐰𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅, 𐐺𐐬𐑃 𐑋𐐰𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑂𐐲𐑌𐐻. 𐐣𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐨𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑌𐐱𐑂𐐲𐑊 𐐼𐐨𐑊 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐑄 𐐶𐐮𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐲𐑊𐐨, 𐐸𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐑄 𐐻𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑊, 𐐸𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐑉𐐨𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐩𐑉𐐨𐐲 𐐮𐑌 𐐰𐑌 𐐲𐐹𐐲𐑉-𐐿𐑊𐐰𐑅 𐐸𐐬𐑋 𐐸𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐑄 𐐶𐐮𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐮𐑂𐐼. 𐐈𐐻 𐑄 𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨'𐑆 𐐿𐐬𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐐼𐐭𐑋𐐼 𐑊𐐲𐑂 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑆𐐮𐑌𐑆 Jia Baoyu 𐐰𐑌𐐼 Lin Daiyu. (𐐆𐐻 𐐿𐐳𐐼 𐐪𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐺 𐐼𐐲𐑅𐐿𐑉𐐴𐐺𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐑊𐐲𐑂 𐐻𐑉𐐴𐐰𐑍𐐲𐑊, 𐐮𐑌𐐰𐑆𐑋𐐲𐐽 𐐰𐑆 Baoyu 𐐯𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐷𐐭𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐑋𐐩𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐿𐐲𐑆𐐮𐑌, Xue Baochai.) 𐐈𐑆 𐑄 𐐩𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑅𐐴𐐼 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐲𐑊𐐨, Baoyu 𐑇𐐳𐐼 𐐺 𐐿𐐱𐑌𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐩𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐐱𐑌 𐐹𐑉𐐯𐐹𐐩𐑉𐐨𐑍 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐮𐑋𐐹𐐨𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑊 𐐯𐑀𐑆𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑌𐑅𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐑁𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐲𐐶𐐩 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐑉𐐨𐐼𐐨𐑍 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐴𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐐹𐐬𐐯𐐻𐑉𐐨 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑂𐐩𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐨𐑋𐐩𐑊 𐑉𐐨𐑊𐐩𐑈𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑀𐐪𐑉𐐼𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐑄𐐩 𐐪𐑊 𐑊𐐮𐑂, 𐐮𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑊𐐾𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑀𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐼𐑋𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉, 𐑄 𐐻𐐭 𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐲𐑊𐐨𐑆' 𐑋𐐩𐐻𐑉𐐨𐐪𐑉𐐽. -
𐐒𐐳𐐿 𐐲𐑂 𐐣𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌
𐐜 𐐒𐐳𐐿 𐐱𐑂 𐐣𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑅𐐩𐐿𐑉𐐲𐐼 𐐻𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻 𐐱𐑂 𐐣𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑆𐑋 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐐱𐑂 𐑄 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐑂𐐪𐑊𐐷𐐭𐑋𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑌𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐿𐑉𐐮𐐹𐐽𐐲𐑉𐑅 𐐱𐑂 𐐜 𐐕𐐲𐑉𐐽 𐐲𐑂 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐗𐑉𐐴𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐑉-𐐼𐐩 𐐝𐐩𐑌𐐻𐑅. 𐐜 𐐆𐑍𐑀𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐐻𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐹𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐮𐑇𐐼 𐐮𐑌 1830. 𐐜 𐐺𐐳𐐿 𐐮𐐻𐑅𐐯𐑊𐑁 𐑅𐐯𐑆 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐮𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐆𐑍𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑅𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐱𐑂 𐐰𐑌 𐐲𐐺𐑉𐐮𐐾𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐱𐑂 𐑉𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑉𐐼𐑅 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 𐐆𐑆𐑉𐐩𐑊𐐴𐐻 𐐮𐑌𐐸𐐰𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐱𐑂 𐐹𐑉𐐨-𐐗𐐲𐑊𐐲𐑋𐐺𐐨𐐲𐑌 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲, 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐹𐐴𐑊𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐩 𐐹𐑉𐐪𐑁𐐯𐐻 𐑌𐐩𐑋𐐼 𐐣𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑅𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐬 𐐆𐑍𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐐺𐐴 𐐖𐐬𐑆𐐯𐑁 𐐝𐑋𐐮𐑃, 𐐖𐑉. 𐐺𐐴 "𐑄 𐑀𐐮𐑁𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐐵𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐘𐐪𐐼." 𐐈𐐿𐑅𐐯𐐹𐐻𐐰𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐱𐑂 𐑃𐐨𐑆 𐐿𐑊𐐩𐑋𐑅 𐐮𐑆 𐐩 𐐿𐐫𐑉𐑌𐐯𐑉𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑌 𐐱𐑂 𐐢𐐔𐐝 𐑃𐐨𐐱𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨. 𐐊𐐹𐐬𐑌𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐐱𐑂 𐐣𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑆𐑋 𐐾𐐯𐑌𐐯𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐑁𐐨𐑊 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐑄 𐐺𐐳𐐿 𐐶𐐰𐑆 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐺𐐴 𐐝𐑋𐐮𐑃, 𐐹𐐪𐑅𐐮𐐺𐑊𐐨 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐑄 𐐸𐐯𐑊𐐹 𐐱𐑂 𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐰𐐺𐐲𐑉𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆. -
𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅
𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 (c. 4 𐐒𐐗 – c. AD 30/ 33), 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐰𐑆 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐐤𐐰𐑆𐐲𐑉𐐯𐑃 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐗𐑉𐐴𐑅𐐻, 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻-𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐨 𐐖𐐭𐐮𐑇 𐐹𐑉𐐨𐐽𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑅 𐑊𐐨𐐼𐐲𐑉. 𐐐𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐑁𐐮𐑀𐐷𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐗𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐽𐐨𐐰𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐨. 𐐣𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐗𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐽𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐺𐐲𐑊𐐨𐑂 𐐸𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐐪𐑉𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐘𐐪𐐼 𐑄 𐐝𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐲𐐶𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐣𐐲𐑅𐐴𐐲 (𐐗𐑉𐐴𐑅𐐻) 𐐹𐑉𐐪𐑁𐐲𐑅𐐴𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐄𐑊𐐼 𐐓𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻. 𐐚𐐲𐑉𐐽𐐭𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐫𐑊 𐑋𐐪𐐼𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐑅𐐿𐐪𐑊𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐰𐑌𐐻𐐮𐐿𐐶𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐲𐑀𐑉𐐨 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐑀𐑆𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨, 𐐫𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐑄 𐐿𐐶𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐑄 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐭𐑅𐐻 𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑊 𐐲𐑀𐑉𐐨𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐫𐑌 𐑄 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐴𐐲𐐺𐐮𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐘𐐪𐑅𐐹𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐫𐑌 𐐸𐐵 𐐿𐑊𐐬𐑅𐑊𐐨 𐑄 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐑉𐐩𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐒𐐴𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐑊𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅 𐑄 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅. 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐐘𐐰𐑊𐐮𐑊𐐩𐐲𐑌 𐐖𐐭 𐐸𐐭 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐺𐐰𐐹𐐻𐐴𐑆𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐖𐐪𐑌 𐑄 𐐒𐐰𐐹𐐻𐐮𐑅𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐺𐐲𐑀𐐰𐑌 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐬𐑌 𐑋𐐮𐑌𐐮𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨. 𐐐𐐨 𐐹𐑉𐐨𐐽𐐻 𐐫𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐫𐑁𐐲𐑌 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐰𐑆 "𐑉𐐰𐐺𐐴". 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐼𐐲𐐺𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐑁𐐯𐑊𐐬 𐐖𐐭𐑆 𐐫𐑌 𐐸𐐵 𐐻𐐭 𐐺𐐯𐑅𐐻 𐑁𐐪𐑊𐐬 𐐘𐐪𐐼, 𐐮𐑌𐑀𐐩𐐾𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐐸𐐨𐑊𐐮𐑍𐑆, 𐐻𐐫𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐹𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐺𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑀𐐰𐑄𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐑁𐐪𐑊𐐬𐐲𐑉𐑆. 𐐐𐐨 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐲𐑉𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐑉𐐴𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐑄 𐐖𐐭𐐮𐑇 𐐲𐑃𐐫𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐨𐑆, 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐼 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐑀𐐲𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑌𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐑉𐐭𐑅𐐮𐑁𐐴𐐼 𐐫𐑌 𐑄 𐐫𐑉𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐑𐐪𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑅 𐐑𐐴𐑊𐐲𐐻, 𐑄 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐑉𐐨𐑁𐐯𐐿𐐻. 𐐈𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐼𐐯𐑃, 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑁𐐪𐑊𐐬𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐺𐐲𐑊𐐨𐑂𐐼 𐐸𐐨 𐑉𐐬𐑆 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐼𐐯𐐼, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐑄𐐩 𐑁𐐫𐑉𐑋𐐼 𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐐶𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐺𐐲𐐿𐐩𐑋 𐑄 𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐕𐐲𐑉𐐽. -
𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉
𐐜 𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐐪𐑉𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐑄 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐻𐐰𐑀𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐒𐐒𐐗 𐑅𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐲𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐑉𐐬𐑀𐑉𐐰𐑋 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐐𐐭. 𐐐𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐑉𐐩𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐀𐑍𐑀𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐖𐐪𐑌 𐐐𐐲𐑉𐐻. 𐐃𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐐸𐐨 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐑅𐐨𐐼𐑆 𐐗𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑁𐐲𐑉 𐐇𐐿𐐲𐑊𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑌'𐑅 𐐤𐐴𐑌𐑃 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑇𐐬ʼ𐑆 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐿𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐪𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨, 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐪𐑌𐑅𐐿𐑉𐐨𐑌 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐐿𐐩𐑋 𐐩𐐻 𐐷𐐮𐑉𐑆 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐇𐐿𐐲𐑊𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑌ʼ𐑆; 𐑄 𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑉𐐯𐐻𐑉𐐬𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐮𐑂𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐑉𐐨𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐑇𐐬𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑉 𐐝𐐻𐐨𐑂𐐲𐑌 𐐣𐐪𐑁𐐲𐐻 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐲𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐑅𐐯𐑊𐐲𐐺𐑉𐐩𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐑄 𐑇𐐬ʼ𐑆 50𐑃 𐐰𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐲𐑉𐐨, 𐐬𐐮𐑍 𐐻𐐭 𐐣𐐪𐑁𐐲𐐻ʼ𐑅 𐐼𐐲𐑆𐐴𐑉 𐐻𐐭 𐐻𐐯𐑊 𐑄 𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑊𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐐼𐐩 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐢𐐰𐑅𐐻 𐐘𐑉𐐩𐐻 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐑅𐐹𐐯𐑇𐐲𐑊 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐇𐐿𐐲𐑊𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐲𐐿𐑊𐐴𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉. 𐐎𐐮𐑃𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐹𐑉𐐬𐑀𐑉𐐰𐑋ʼ𐑆 𐑌𐐯𐑉𐐲𐐻𐐮𐑂, 𐑄 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐨𐑆-𐐬𐑊𐐼 𐐩𐑊𐐨𐐲𐑌, 𐐪 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐢𐐫𐑉𐐼 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐲𐐻 𐐘𐐰𐑊𐐮𐑁𐑉𐐩, 𐐸𐐭 𐐻𐑉𐐰𐑂𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐹𐐩𐑅 𐐮𐑌 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐓𐐂𐐡𐐔𐐆𐐝, 𐑁𐑉𐐨𐐿𐐶𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐹𐐰𐑌𐐷𐐲𐑌𐑆. 𐐐𐐶𐐯𐑌 𐑄 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐿𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐮𐑌𐐾𐐲𐑉𐐼, 𐐸𐐨 𐐿𐐰𐑌 𐑉𐐲𐐾𐐯𐑌𐐲𐑉𐐩𐐻 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐺𐐪𐐼𐐨, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐼𐐭𐐮𐑍 𐑅𐐬, 𐑀𐐩𐑌𐑆 𐐪 𐑌𐐭 𐑁𐐮𐑆𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑊 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐐲𐑌𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐮𐐻, 𐐪 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐮𐑍𐐿𐐻 𐑌𐐭 𐐹𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐲𐑌𐐰𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐨. 𐐜𐐮𐑅 𐐹𐑊𐐪𐐻 𐐼𐐲𐑂𐐴𐑅 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐲𐑊𐐵𐐼 𐐪 𐑌𐐲𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐑉𐐩 𐐼𐐮𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐐪𐑉𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐬𐑂𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐑇𐐬ʼ𐑆 𐑊𐐫𐑍 𐑉𐐲𐑌. 𐐜 𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉, 𐑌𐐪𐐻 𐑅𐐬 𐑌𐐩𐑋𐐼 𐐶𐐮𐑃𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐸𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐐸𐐨 𐐲𐐹𐐮𐑉𐑆, 𐐮𐑆 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐭𐑅𐐻 𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐐪𐑉𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐔𐐫𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐸𐐭 𐑁𐐫𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐓𐐴𐑋 𐐎𐐫𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑇𐐬ʼ𐑆 𐑋𐐪𐐼𐐲𐑉𐑌-𐐼𐐩 𐐺𐐰𐐿𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐨. 𐐐𐐨 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐿𐑉𐐨𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐑉𐐲𐑆𐐲𐑊𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐪 𐐿𐐪𐑌𐑇𐐲𐑅 𐐼𐐲𐑅𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 -
𐐗𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉
𐐜 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 (Puma concolor), 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐿𐐪𐑋𐐲𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐑌𐐬𐑌 𐐰𐑆 𐑄 𐑋𐐵𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐴𐐲𐑌, 𐐹𐐭𐑋𐐲, 𐐹𐐰𐑌𐑃𐐲𐑉, 𐐫𐑉 𐐿𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑋𐐵𐑌𐐻, 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾 𐑁𐐨𐑊𐐮𐐼 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑅𐐲𐐺𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐨 Felinae 𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑆. 𐐆𐐻𐑅 𐑉𐐩𐑌𐐾, 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐗𐐲𐑌𐐩𐐼𐐨𐐲𐑌 𐐏𐐭𐐿𐐪𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐑅𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐈𐑌𐐼𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐵𐑃 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲, 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑀𐑉𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾 𐐶𐐴𐑊𐐼 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐯𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑊 𐑋𐐰𐑋𐐲𐑊 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐎𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐐐𐐯𐑋𐐮𐑅𐑁𐐮𐑉. 𐐈𐑌 𐐲𐐼𐐰𐐹𐐻𐐲𐐺𐐲𐑊, 𐐾𐐯𐑌𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐮𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑇𐐨𐑆, 𐑄 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐑌 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐰𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐰𐐻 𐐻𐐴𐐹𐑅. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐼-𐐸𐐯𐑂𐐨𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐿𐐰𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐤𐐭 𐐎𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐼, 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑄 𐐾𐐰𐑀𐐶𐐪𐑉. 𐐝𐐨𐐿𐑉𐐲𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑊𐐪𐑉𐐾𐑊𐐨 𐑅𐐪𐑊𐐮𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐺𐐴 𐑌𐐩𐐽𐐲𐑉, 𐑄 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐹𐑉𐐪𐐹𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐼 𐐺𐐬𐑃 𐑌𐐪𐐿𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐑉𐐲𐐹𐐲𐑅𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐲𐑉, 𐐫𐑊𐑄𐐬 𐑄𐐯𐑉 𐐪𐑉 𐐼𐐩𐐻𐐴𐑋 𐑅𐐴𐐻𐐮𐑍𐑆. 𐐜 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑋𐐫𐑉 𐐿𐑊𐐬𐑅𐑊𐐨 𐑉𐐲𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐑅𐑋𐐫𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐑁𐐨𐑊𐐴𐑌𐑆, 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐐮𐑍 𐑄 𐐼𐐲𐑋𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐮𐐿 𐐿𐐰𐐻 (𐑅𐐲𐐺𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐨 Felinae), 𐑄𐐰𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑇𐐨𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐑅𐐲𐐺𐑁𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐨 Pantherinae, 𐐲𐑂 𐐸𐐶𐐮𐐽 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐑄 𐐾𐐰𐑀𐐶𐐪𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑆. 𐐜 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐰𐑌 𐐰𐑋𐐺𐐳𐑇 𐐹𐑉𐐯𐐼𐐲𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐹𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐭𐑆 𐐪 𐐶𐐴𐐼 𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐴𐐲𐐻𐐨 𐐲𐑂 𐐹𐑉𐐩. 𐐑𐑉𐐴𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐑁𐐭𐐼 𐑅𐐫𐑉𐑅𐐲𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐲𐑍𐑀𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐲𐐻𐑅, 𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐻𐐮𐐿𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐼𐐮𐑉, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐑊𐐴𐑂𐑅𐐻𐐪𐐿. 𐐆𐐻 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐐸𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑇𐐨𐑆 𐐰𐑆 𐑅𐑋𐐫𐑊 𐐰𐑆 𐐮𐑌𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐬𐐼𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑅. 𐐜𐐮𐑅 𐐿𐐰𐐻 𐐹𐑉𐐲𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑆 𐐸𐐰𐐺𐐮𐐻𐐰𐐻𐑅 𐐶𐐮𐑄 𐐼𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐐲𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐺𐑉𐐲𐑇 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑉𐐪𐐿𐐨 𐐯𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐑅𐐻𐐫𐐿𐐮𐑍, 𐐺𐐲𐐻 𐐿𐐰𐑌 𐐫𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐑊𐐮𐑂 𐐮𐑌 𐐬𐐹𐐲𐑌 𐐯𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑆. 𐐜 𐐿𐐭𐑀𐐲𐑉 𐐮𐑆 𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐨𐐲𐑊 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐑂𐐴𐑂𐑆 𐐰𐐻 𐑊𐐬 𐐹𐐪𐐹𐐷𐐲𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐼𐐯𐑌𐑅𐐮𐐻𐐨𐑆. 𐐆𐑌𐐼𐐮𐑂𐐮𐐾𐐲𐐶𐐲𐑊 𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐫𐑉𐐨 𐑅𐐴𐑆𐐲𐑆 𐐼𐐲𐐹𐐯𐑌𐐼 𐐫𐑌 𐐻𐐲𐑉𐐩𐑌, 𐑂𐐯𐐾𐐲𐐻𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐐰 -
𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐎𐐫𐑉𐑆 (𐑋𐐭𐑂𐐨)
𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐎𐐫𐑉𐑆 (𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐑉𐐨𐐻𐐴𐐻𐐲𐑊𐐼 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐎𐐫𐑉𐑆: 𐐇𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼 IV – 𐐂 𐐤𐐭 𐐐𐐬𐐹) 𐐮𐑆 𐐪 1977 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐐿 𐑅𐐹𐐩𐑅 𐐪𐐹𐐲𐑉𐐲 𐑁𐐮𐑊𐑋 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐯𐐿𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐖𐐫𐑉𐐾 𐐢𐐭𐐿𐐲𐑅. 𐐜 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐮𐑌𐑅𐐻𐐫𐑊𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐲𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐎𐐫𐑉𐑆 𐐻𐑉𐐮𐑊𐐲𐐾𐐨, 𐐮𐐻 𐑅𐐻𐐪𐑉𐑆 𐐣𐐪𐑉𐐿 𐐐𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑊, 𐐐𐐯𐑉𐐮𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐙𐐫𐑉𐐼, 𐐗𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐐙𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑉, 𐐑𐐨𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐗𐐳𐑇𐐮𐑍, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐈𐑊𐐲𐐿 𐐘𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑅. 𐐔𐐩𐑂𐐮𐐼 𐐑𐑉𐐵𐑆, 𐐖𐐩𐑋𐑆 𐐊𐑉𐑊 𐐖𐐬𐑌𐑆, 𐐈𐑌𐑃𐐲𐑌𐐨 𐐔𐐰𐑌𐐷𐐲𐑊𐑆, 𐐗𐐯𐑌𐐨 𐐒𐐩𐐿𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐑𐐨𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐣𐐩𐐸𐐷𐐭 𐐿𐐬-𐑅𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐲𐐹𐐫𐑉𐐻𐐮𐑍 𐑉𐐬𐑊𐑆. 𐐜 𐐹𐑊𐐪𐐻 𐑁𐐬𐐿𐐲𐑅𐐲𐑆 𐐫𐑌 𐑄 𐐡𐐯𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐐊𐑊𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅, 𐑊𐐯𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐑𐑉𐐮𐑌𐑅𐐯𐑅 𐐢𐐩𐐲 (𐐙𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑉), 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐲𐐻𐐯𐑋𐐹𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐐼𐐲𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐬𐐮 𐑄 𐐘𐐲𐑊𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐮𐐿 𐐇𐑋𐐹𐐴𐑉’𐑆 𐑅𐐹𐐩𐑅 𐑅𐐻𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌, 𐑄 𐐔𐐯𐑃 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉. 𐐜𐐮𐑅 𐐿𐐪𐑌𐑁𐑊𐐮𐐿𐐻 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐑉𐐲𐐹𐐻𐑅 𐑄 𐐴𐑅𐐲𐑊𐐩𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐑊𐐴𐑁 𐐲𐑂 𐑁𐐪𐑉𐑋𐐸𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐢𐐭𐐿 𐐝𐐿𐐴𐐶𐐫𐐿𐐲𐑉 (𐐐𐐰𐑋𐐮𐑊) 𐐸𐐭 𐐮𐑌𐐲𐐼𐑂𐐲𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐐲𐐿𐐶𐐴𐑉𐑆 𐐪 𐐹𐐯𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐼𐑉𐐬𐐮𐐼𐑆 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐐹𐐲𐑆𐐯𐑅 𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑊𐐲𐑌 𐐪𐑉𐐿𐐮𐐻𐐯𐐿𐐽𐐲𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐑆 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐑄 𐐔𐐯𐑃 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉. 𐐐𐐶𐐯𐑌 𐑄 𐐇𐑋𐐹𐐴𐑉 𐐺𐐲𐑀𐐮𐑌𐑆 𐐪 𐐼𐐲𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐿𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐑅𐐲𐑉𐐽 𐑁𐐫𐑉 𐑄 𐑋𐐮𐑅𐐮𐑍 𐐼𐑉𐐬𐐮𐐼𐑆, 𐐝𐐿𐐴𐐶𐐫𐐿𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐐿𐐲𐑋𐐹𐐲𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐐖𐐯𐐼𐐴 𐐣𐐰𐑅𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐄𐐺𐐨-𐐎𐐪𐑌 𐐗𐐲𐑌𐐬𐐺𐐨 (𐐘𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑅) 𐐫𐑌 𐐪 𐑋𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐑉𐐲𐐻𐐲𐑉𐑌 𐑄 𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐐡𐐯𐐺𐐲𐑊 𐐊𐑊𐐴𐐲𐑌𐑅. -
𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐐱𐑌
𐐜 𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐐱𐑌𐑆 𐐬𐑉 𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐑀𐐱𐑌𐑆 𐐪𐑉 𐐪 𐑁𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐰-𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐯𐑅𐐻𐑉𐐮𐐰𐑊 𐑅𐐹𐐨𐑇𐐨𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑉𐑅. 𐐜𐐩 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐐹𐐨𐑉 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐜 𐐄𐑉𐐮𐐾𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐝𐐮𐑉𐐨𐑆 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼 "𐐇𐑉𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐲𐑂 𐐣𐐯𐑉𐑅𐐨" 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑋𐐩𐐿 𐐲𐐹𐐨𐑉𐐰𐑌𐑅𐐯𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐪𐑊 𐑅𐐲𐐺𐑅𐐯𐐿𐐶𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿 𐐻𐐯𐑊𐐯𐑂𐐮𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆. 𐐆𐑌𐐼𐐩𐐼, 𐐪 𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐐱𐑌, 𐐎𐐬𐑉𐑁, 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐑉𐐯𐑀𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐪𐑉 𐐱𐑌 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐜 𐐤𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻 𐐖𐐯𐑌𐐯𐑉𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐔𐐨𐐹 𐐝𐐹𐐩𐑅 𐐤𐐴𐑌, 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐪 𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐐱𐑌/𐐸𐐷𐐭𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐸𐐴𐐺𐑉𐐮𐐼, 𐐒'𐐇𐑊𐐪𐑌𐐰 𐐓𐐬𐑉𐐯𐑆, 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐑉𐐯𐑀𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐪𐑉 𐐱𐑌 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐚𐐬𐐨𐐲𐐾𐐯𐑉. 𐐜 𐐗𐑊𐐨𐑍𐐱𐑌𐑆 𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐹𐐬𐑉𐐻𐑉𐐩𐐼 𐐰𐑆 𐑉𐐭𐑃𐑊𐐯𐑅 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐨𐑍, 𐐮𐑌 𐑊𐐴𐑌 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐊𐑋𐐯𐑉𐐮𐐿𐐲𐑌 𐑅𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐨𐐬𐐻𐐴𐐹𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐐝𐐬𐑂𐐨𐐯𐐻𐑅 𐐼𐐲𐑉𐐨𐑍 𐑄 𐐗𐐬𐑊𐐼 𐐎𐐪𐑉. 𐐛𐑉𐐭𐐵𐐻 𐑄 𐑉𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐲𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐨𐑆, 𐑄𐐩 𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐐿𐐱𐑌𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐑁𐐬𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐏𐐭𐐻𐐴𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐙𐐯𐐼𐐯𐑉𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐑𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐯𐐻𐑅. 𐐙𐐬𐑉 𐐺𐐲𐐾𐐯𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐨 𐑉𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑌𐑆, 𐑄𐐩 𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐐹𐑊𐐩𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐰𐐿𐐻𐐬𐑉𐑆 𐐮𐑌 𐐼𐐪𐑉𐐿 𐑋𐐩𐐿-𐐲𐐹. 𐐆𐑌 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐜 𐐣𐐬𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐑𐐮𐐿𐑇𐐲𐑉, 𐑄𐐩 𐐶𐐯𐑉 𐑉𐐨𐐼𐐯𐑅𐐴𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐑊𐐳𐐿 𐑋𐐬𐑉 𐐩𐑊𐐨𐐯𐑌 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐨𐑍𐐿𐐻𐐮𐑂 𐑁𐐬𐑉𐐸𐐯𐐼 𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐯𐑆—𐑄 𐐮𐑌-𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑉𐑅 𐑉𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐑄 𐐽𐐯𐑌𐐾 𐐶𐐲𐑉 𐐪 𐑅𐐬𐑉𐑅 𐐲𐑂 𐑋𐐲𐐽 𐑅𐐹𐐯𐐿𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑋𐐲𐑍 𐑁𐐰𐑌𐑅, 𐐹𐐪𐑉𐐻𐐮𐐿𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐪𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐑁𐐻𐐯𐑉, 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐔𐐨𐐹 𐐝𐐹𐐩𐑅 𐐤𐐴𐑌 𐐯𐐹𐐮𐑅𐐬𐐼 "𐐓𐑉𐐴𐐲𐑊𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐓𐑉𐐮𐐺𐐲𐑊-𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑆", 𐐎𐐬𐑉𐑁 𐑉𐐨𐑁𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐹𐑉𐐬𐑂𐐴𐐼 𐐰𐑌 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐐻𐐭 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐿𐑉𐐭𐑋𐐩𐐻𐑅, 𐑅𐐩𐐷𐐨𐑍 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐨, "𐐎𐐨 𐐼𐐭 𐑌𐐱𐐻 𐐼𐐮𐑅𐐿𐐲𐑅 𐐮𐐻 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐵𐐻𐑅𐐴𐐼𐐯𐑉𐑆." 𐐈𐑌 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐹𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 (𐐰𐑌 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐹𐐯𐑉𐐮𐑋𐐯𐑌𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐐾𐐯𐑌𐐯𐐻𐐮𐐿 𐑋𐐰𐑌𐐮𐐹𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐩𐑇𐐲𐑌 𐑀𐐱𐑌 𐐲𐑉𐐴) 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐴𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐑀𐐮𐑂𐐯𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐐝𐐻𐐪𐑉 𐐓𐑉𐐯𐐿: 𐐇𐑌𐐻𐐯𐑉𐐹𐑉𐐴𐑆. -
𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐝𐐮𐐻𐐨
𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐝𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑊𐐱𐑉𐐾𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐑅𐐮𐐼𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐿𐐰𐐹𐐲𐐼𐑊 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐑅𐐻𐐩𐐻 𐐲𐑂 𐐏𐐭𐐻𐐪. 𐐆𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐑁𐐵𐑌𐐼𐐲𐐼 (𐐰𐑆 𐐘𐑉𐐩𐐻 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐝𐐮𐐻𐐨) 𐐮𐑌 1847 𐐺𐐴 𐐣𐐱𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐐴𐐲𐑌𐐨𐑉𐑆 𐑊𐐯𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐐒𐑉𐐮𐑀𐐲𐑋 𐐏𐐲𐑍 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐬𐑅𐐻𐐲𐐼 𐑄 2002 𐐎𐐮𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑉 𐐄𐑊𐐮𐑋𐐹𐐮𐐿𐑅. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐪𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐑄 𐐿𐐵𐑌𐐻𐐨 𐑅𐐨𐐻 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐗𐐵𐑌𐐻𐐨. 𐐜 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐿𐐮𐐻𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐱𐑁𐑌 𐑇𐐬𐑉𐐻𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐬𐑉 𐐾𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐝𐐢𐐝. 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿'𐑅 𐐹𐐱𐐹𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐩𐑇𐑌 𐐰𐑆 𐐲𐑂 1 𐐖𐐭𐑊𐐴 2008 𐐮𐑆 181,698. 𐐜 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐣𐐯𐐻𐑉𐐬𐐹𐐱𐑊𐐮𐐻𐑌 𐐇𐑉𐐨𐐲 𐐮𐑌𐐿𐑊𐐭𐐼𐑆 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿, 𐐝𐐲𐑋𐐮𐐻, 𐐓𐐭𐐮𐑊𐐲 𐐿𐐵𐑌𐐻𐐨𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐸𐐰𐑆 𐐪 𐐻𐐱𐐻𐑊 𐐯𐑅𐐻𐐮𐑋𐐩𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐹𐐱𐐹𐐷𐐭𐑊𐐩𐑇𐑌 𐐲𐑂 1,115,692. 𐐝𐐪𐑊𐐻 𐐢𐐩𐐿 𐐮𐑆 𐐪𐑊𐑅𐐬 𐑄 𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐎𐐪𐑆𐐰𐐽 𐐙𐑉𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐲𐑉𐐺𐑌 𐐯𐑉𐐨𐐲. -
𐐄𐑉𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐑𐑉𐐰𐐻
𐐄𐑉𐑅𐐲𐑌 𐐑𐑉𐐰𐐻 (19 𐐝𐐯𐐹𐐻𐐯𐑋𐐺𐐲𐑉 1811–3 𐐉𐐿𐐻𐐬𐐺𐐯𐑉 1881) 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐪 𐑅𐐿𐐱𐑊𐐲𐑉 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐊𐐹𐐱𐑅𐐲𐑊 𐐮𐑌 𐐜 𐐕𐐲𐑉𐐽 𐐲𐑂 𐐖𐐨𐑆𐐲𐑅 𐐗𐑉𐐴𐑅𐐻 𐐲𐑁 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑉-𐐼𐐩 𐐝𐐩𐑌𐐻𐑅. 𐐐𐐨 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐣𐐬𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑆𐑋'𐑆 𐐺𐐲𐑉𐑅𐐻 𐐮𐑋𐐹𐐬𐑉𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐻 𐐲𐐹𐐱𐑊𐐬𐐾𐐮𐑅𐐻. 𐐑𐑉𐐰𐐻 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐺𐐬𐑉𐑌 𐐮𐑌 𐐐𐐪𐑉𐐻𐑁𐐲𐑉𐐼, 𐐤𐐮𐐭 𐐏𐐬𐑉𐐿. 𐐐𐐨 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐮𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐬𐐼𐐲𐑅𐐻 𐐻𐐭 𐐣𐐬𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌𐐮𐑆𐑋 𐐺𐐴 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐐺𐑉𐐲𐑄𐐲𐑉 𐐑𐐰𐑉𐑊𐐨 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐺𐐰𐐹𐐻𐐴𐑆𐐼 𐐱𐑌 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑌𐐴𐑌𐐻𐐨𐑌𐑃 𐐺𐐲𐑉𐑃𐐼𐐩. 𐐜 𐑉𐐨𐑋𐐩𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑉 𐐲𐑂 𐐸𐐮𐑆 𐑊𐐴𐑁 𐐶𐐲𐑆 𐐼𐐯𐑂𐐬𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐻𐐬 𐐣𐐬𐑉𐑋𐐲𐑌𐑆𐐮𐑋. -
𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻
𐐜 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐈𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐐷𐐭𐑌𐐷𐐲𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐐺𐐴 𐑄 𐐡𐐬𐑋𐐲𐑌𐑆 𐐻𐐭 𐑉𐐴𐐻 𐑄 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐩𐑍𐐶𐐮𐐾, 𐐻𐐭𐑀𐐯𐑃𐑉 𐐶𐐮𐑃 𐐪𐑊 𐐲𐑁 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐼𐐨𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐼𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑅. 𐐆𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐑋𐐬𐑅𐐻 𐐶𐐴𐐼𐑊𐐨-𐐷𐐭𐑆𐐼 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐮𐑌 𐑄 𐐶𐐲𐑉𐑊𐐼. 𐐜 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐮𐑆 𐐼𐐯𐑉𐐴𐑂𐐼 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐀𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑅𐐿𐑌 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑄𐐯𐑉𐐺𐐴 𐐮𐑌𐐼𐐮𐑉𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑊𐐨 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐑄 𐐘𐑉𐐨𐐿 𐐰𐑊𐑁𐐲𐐺𐐯𐐻. 𐐆𐐻 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐑀𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊𐐨 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐑅𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐯𐐼 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐻𐐶𐐯𐑌𐐻𐐷-𐐶𐐲𐑌 𐑊𐐯𐐻𐑉𐑆: A, B, C, D, E, F, Z, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X. 𐐆𐐻 𐐿𐐳𐐼 𐐺 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐑌 𐑊𐐯𐑁𐐻-𐐻𐐬-𐑉𐐴𐐻, 𐑉𐐴𐐻-𐐻𐐭-𐑊𐐯𐑁𐐻, 𐐬𐑉 𐐺𐐭𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑁𐐯𐐼𐐱𐑌 (𐐪𐑊𐐻𐐯𐑉𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐐼𐐮𐑉𐐯𐐿𐑇𐑌𐑆 𐐱𐑌 𐐪𐑊𐐻𐐯𐑉𐑌𐐩𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐑊𐐴𐑌𐑆). 𐐒𐐴 𐑄 𐐿𐑊𐐰𐑅𐐮𐐿𐑊 𐐢𐐰𐐻𐐲𐑌 𐐹𐐨𐑉𐐨𐐲𐐼, 𐐮𐐻 𐐸𐐰𐐼 𐑀𐐩𐑌𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐑊𐐯𐐻𐑉𐑆 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐑋𐐭𐑂𐑆 Z 𐑁𐑉𐐲𐑋 𐐮𐐻𐑅 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐑀𐐮𐑌𐐲𐑊 𐐹𐐬𐑅𐐮𐑇𐑌, 𐑉𐐨𐑅𐐲𐑊𐐻𐐨𐑍 𐐮𐑌 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M -
𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐲
𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐲 𐐮𐑅 𐑄 𐐀𐑍𐑊𐐮𐑇 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐑄 𐑋𐐩𐐾𐐬𐑉 𐑅𐐮𐑂𐐮𐑊𐐮𐑆𐐩𐑇𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐑄 𐐀𐑅𐐻 𐐁𐑈𐐲𐑌 𐑋𐐩𐑌𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐼. 𐐜 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐐮𐑆 中國 (𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑊 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆, 中国 𐐮𐑌 𐑅𐐮𐑋𐐹𐑊𐐮𐑁𐐴𐐼 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆; 𐐹𐑉𐐬𐑌𐐵𐑌𐑅𐐼 zhōngguó 𐐮𐑌 𐐣𐐰𐑌𐐼𐐲𐑌𐑉𐐮𐑌 𐐰𐑌𐐼 zung1gwok3 𐐮𐑌 𐐗𐐰𐑌𐐻𐐲𐑌𐐩𐑆), 𐑋𐐨𐑌𐐨𐑍 "𐑅𐐯𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐲𐑊 𐐿𐐨𐑍𐐼𐐲𐑋." 𐐜 𐑌𐐩𐑋 𐑉𐐯𐑁𐑊𐐯𐐿𐐻𐑅 𐑄 𐐻𐑉𐐲𐐼𐐮𐑇𐐲𐑌𐑊 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑂𐐮𐐭 𐑄𐐰𐐻 𐑄𐐩𐑉 𐐿𐐲𐑌𐐻𐑉𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐑄 𐐸𐐪𐑉𐐻𐑊𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐰𐑌𐐼 𐐬𐑉𐐮𐐾𐐮𐑌 𐐲𐑂 𐐪𐑊 𐐀𐑅𐐻 𐐁𐑈𐑌 𐑅𐐮𐑂𐐮𐑊𐐮𐑆𐐩𐑇𐑌. 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨 𐐿𐐰𐑌 𐐺 𐑉𐐨𐑊𐐴𐐲𐐺𐑊𐐨 𐐻𐑉𐐩𐑅𐐼 𐐻𐐭 𐑄 𐑃𐐮𐑉𐐼 𐑋𐐮𐑊𐐯𐑌𐐨𐐲𐑋 𐐒𐐗. 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑊𐐯𐐾𐐯𐑌𐐼𐑆 𐐯𐐿𐑅𐐻𐐯𐑌𐐼 𐐺𐐰𐐿 𐐨𐑂𐑌 𐑁𐐲𐑉𐑃𐑉, 𐐻𐐭 𐑉𐐲𐑁𐑊𐐨 3000 𐐒𐐗, 𐐸𐐯𐑌𐑅 𐑄 𐐿𐐱𐑋𐑌 𐐿𐑊𐐩𐑋 𐐱𐑁 5000 𐐷𐐨𐑉𐑆 𐐲𐑂 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨. 𐐕𐐴𐑌𐐨𐑆 𐑉𐐮𐐻𐐯𐑌 𐐸𐐮𐑅𐐻𐐬𐑉𐐨 𐐮𐑆 𐐬𐑌𐑊𐐨 𐑅𐐿𐐯𐐽𐐨 𐐺𐐨𐑁𐐬𐑉 𐑄 Zhou 𐐼𐐴𐑌𐐲𐑅𐐻𐐨 (ca. 1000 𐐒𐐗 𐐻𐐭 221 𐐒𐐗).
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Wookieepedia is a wiki-based online encyclopedia that contains detailed information about the Star Wars universe, including movies, books, video games, characters, locations, technology, weapons, vehicles, and everything in between. Founded in 2005, Wookieepedia has over 175,000 articles, covering everything from the…